Hypoxia-inducible factors promote breast cancer stem cell specification and maintenance in response to hypoxia or cytotoxic chemotherapy

L Xiang, GL Semenza - Advances in Cancer Research, 2019 - Elsevier
Clinical studies have revealed that breast cancers contain regions of intratumoral hypoxia
(reduced oxygen availability), which activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The
relationship between intratumoral hypoxia, distant metastasis and cancer mortality has been
well established. A major mechanism by which intratumoral hypoxia contributes to disease
progression is through induction of the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype. BCSCs
are a small subpopulation of cells with the capability for self-renewal. BCSCs have been …